Don Quixote De La Mancha - 1770 Words

Don Quixote De La Mancha In the world of literature, there are many great world that blow the minds of readers and historians everywhere. However none of these works of literature have caused a great effect in the world quite like Don Quixote De La Mancha, a novel written by Miguel de Cervantes in the 1600s. Don Quixote de la Mancha is the jewel of Western Literature. It is the most commonly translated and read book in the universe of Spanish literature, after the bible. It has been translated into more than 60 languages worldwide. It has also been adapted into many films and plays. Now you may be wondering why exactly Don Quixote de la Mancha has had more success than every other book published. The reason why this is, is because Don†¦show more content†¦He found â€Å"such books were offensive because they presented fiction under the guise of historical truth.† He yearned to begin a new generation of comedic chivalry romances. Miguel de Cervantes published the first volume of Don Quixote in 1605 on January 16. Ten years later Cervantes published the second volume of the book in 1615. Cervantes got the idea for the novel while spending time in jail for having problems in his job. He had a duty as a tax collector for the Spanish Government. However he had mathematical conflicts, which were the reason why he ended up locked away. He performed this job as tax collector as a day job in order to make a living. Characters From The Novel Don Quixote: Don Quixote or previously known as Alonso Quixano is a old country hidalgo who lives in the unknown village of La Mancha. He is a 50 year old, bachelor, and middle class man who lives with his young niece who is no older than 20 and a fellow housekeeper. Alonso is different and isolated from society because of his passion for reading books, especially chivalry. However, he has managed to befriend the village’ s barber and the church priest. After spending a long time reading chivalry novels, Alfonso is inspired to embark on a knightly adventure with a fellow squire Sancho Panza. On this journey, Alonso gives himself a new identity, Don Quixote. On this journey he battles other knightsShow MoreRelatedDon Quixote de La Mancha1223 Words   |  5 PagesIn Miguel de Cervantes classic novel Don Quixote de la Mancha, a necessary counterpart to Don Quixotes character is found in Sancho Panza. Sancho is Don Quixotes so-called squire and companion through his adventures. The vital contrast between these two characters contributes to the literary success of Cervantes novel. It is only through the eyes of Sancho that we witness Don Quixotes madness and only through the latters madness that we evidence Sanchos sanity. Without the presence of theseRead More Don Quixote de la Mancha Essay5548 Words   |  23 PagesTwo lost tales concerning the valiant knight Don Quixote de la Mancha and other such interesting things Prologue After reading for the first time the true history of The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha, originally scribed by the brilliant Arab historian Cide Hamete Benengeli, I was captivated by it and somehow began to relate it to all that happened to me in my daily life, wondering how our famous hero would interpret these things in my life and what I might learn from his good senseRead MoreDon Quixote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes751 Words   |  3 PagesDon Quixote The Ballet performance Don Quixote is based on the worldwide known novel ‘Don Quixote de la Mancha’ by Miguel de Cervantes. It was originally performed by the Bolshoi Ballet of Moscow and choreographed by Marius Petipa in the year of 1869 with the music of Ludwig Minkus. Now days there are numerous Ballets performing it all over the world. The Miami City Ballet has adopted this performance as part of their season content, giving the Spanish play a hint of Latin American taste with severalRead MoreUse Of Don Quixote De La Mancha By Miguel De Cervantes1324 Words   |  6 PagesDaniela Dicheva Professor Salena Fehnel ENG 106 08/19/2014 The Character of Don Quixote De La Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes A writer, no matter how great, no matter how brilliant his work, does not exhaust the literary wealth of a nation in a given era, but with all your heritage or just one of his work, he can score the highest peaks of the literature. Based on merit and dignity Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra takes the first place in the literature of the Spanish Renaissance, because most profoundRead MoreMiguel de Cervantes: The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha1794 Words   |  7 PagesMiguel de Cervantes: The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha The indisputable literary value of The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha (usually abbreviated to Don Quixote) by Miguel de Cervantes places his work at the top of the global canon of literature. Internationally recognised as Cervantes’s masterpiece, the work was published in the early seventeenth century during the European Renaissance period, hallmarking the Spanish Golden Age of literature as â€Å"the first modern novel†Read MoreAn Admirable Spanish Novel, The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha by Miguel De Cervantes877 Words   |  4 PagesDon Quixote fully titled â€Å"The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha† is an admirable Spanish novel by an eminent novelist Miguel De Cervantes. Cervantes wrote many novels while in prison but unfortunately this was the only reputed work produced by him which became world’s first best seller and literature’s great masterpiece. It encompasses the history, culture and the general environment in Spain. According to me, this magnum opus became so high-flying because of its universally-recognizedRead MoreDon Quixote: Hero or Fool? Essay example1035 Words   |  5 PagesHidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha, author Miguel de Cervantes attempts to satirize the medieval romance through his character, Don Quixote. The tale tells the story of a man who loses his sanity out of his desire to become a real-life knight. This story was highly acclaimed for the time; even though it poked fun at the main character and medieval romances in general, it brought back the ideals of this genre. The legacy of Don Quixote continues with Joe Darion’s songs from the 1965 musical Man of La ManchaRead MoreThe Don Quixote By Miguel De Cervantes Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe Don Quixote we know today, has changed a numerous amount of times. Not because of someone wanting to alter it, but the simple fact of Gadamer’s fusion of horizons. It’s simple, fusion of hori zons is when one translates text from one language to another. The texts do not directly translate, so the translator will explain the text in a similar form. Because texts do not directly align, and translate, a new meaning can be formed. Thus is Gadamer’s fusion of horizons. Because of Gadamer’s fusionRead MoreAnalysis Of Don Quixote809 Words   |  4 PagesDon Quixote By Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra is the story of a Christian â€Å"knight,† don Quixote, and his trustworthy â€Å"squire,† Sancho Panza, and their adventures around Spain. â€Å"Thus, I travel about this wilderness and these unpopulated areas seeking adventures, and I’m committed to offering my arm and my person in any perilous adventure that comes my way to help the weak and needy.† (p. 97-98) Our story takes place in the seventeenth century in La ManchaRead MoreMan of La Mancha972 Words   |  4 Pagesliving. The choice a person makes on how they want to live their life, ultimately determines their future. A person should choose to live in an illusion which leads to hope, rather then reality which leads them to despair. The musical play Man of La Mancha, written by Dale Wasserman, is a perfect example of this because in the play, there are characters who live in illusion and characters who live in reality. Illusion leads a person to hope, a nd hope gives a person something to live for. One persons

Sault Saint Marie, Ontario An Analysis - 767 Words

From an outsider’s perspective, the city of Sault Saint Marie, Ontario is not one that initially appears as being beautiful. As a result of the Algoma Steel Plant (the town’s primary industry), a pervasive scent of tar often paves the air and so, coats the lungs in the burning by-products of melted rubber. The persistence of long, harsh winters, courtesy of residing in the â€Å"True North† and along the banks of Lake Superior—where wind and water gush like spilled arteries over the land and sky—means that much of the Sault’s infrastructure has likewise melted with the frequent snowfall. This is prevalent in the sidewalks and roads which are in many places cracked, or in the process of doing so; they are like fissured wounds of asphalt that†¦show more content†¦Outcroppings of Pine and Birch shifted in the unrelenting wind as if they were the scales on the bodies of primordial dragons attempting to settle their massive forms into the damp ground beneath them. An endless horizon of white edged waves bit at the tails of one another in a crashing cacophony until they foamed, frothed and broke against the shore. Moving along the beach, I noticed a variety of vibrant rocks clustered together like bright patches of nebula against the darkened pitch of sand. Here was a crater of red, there, multiple rings of green set into a granite base, and even farther away there were whole galaxies of stone dusted in slices of quartz and coarse iron. Soon the rising and falling rush of water in my ears was accompanied by the gentle clacking sound of small, mineral galaxies colliding against one another in the confines of my palms. It was as we were preparing to leave that a final rock flashed across my peripheral. As if by some unseen cosmic force, I found myself reeling with the efforts to unearth it. Unlike the others already in my possession, this rock had a dull and rough exterior. Maybe, I was now realizing, it was much the same as the Sault Saint Marie I had always been so quick to scorn. Just like the city, the rock was unattractive, even unassuming, but it was vast upon further consideration. It was a fractal display of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen hidden below a mound of layers. These were the same four elements that made

Organizational Fairness and Diversity in Public Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Fairness and Diversity Management in Public Organizations. Answer: Introduction: The cited article from Scandinavian Journal of Management attempts to bring about a new outlook on strategies made for diversity management in the organizations. The authors of this article are prominent scholars of social sciences in the universities of Amsterdam. The article raises the issue of conflict remaining in the very system of how society and the organizations endeavor to manage diversity. It is believed that eradicating diversity from the root of organizational system is possible through social integrity and inclusiveness. However, in the very core of society there remains a latent discourse of otherness constantly emerging and thereby hindering the process of inclusion. On the other hand, the context of power in the organizations also causes for suppression and injustice resisting the inclusion process. Due to this, the study conducted by Ghorashi and Sabelis reveals that an ever-changing power relation would make opportunity for new ideas in diversity management. This wi ll enable the employees of the organizations to understand diversity in practices and individual choices. However, the article recommends not to stress the interests of managerial work greatly as this eventually bar the genuine change and decelerate the very process of inclusion. Hal G. Rainey and Sungjoo Choi, both of them being eminent scholars from University of Georgia and Kyung Hee University respectively, have conducted the referred study. The study concerns with the increasing attention of the business organizations in effective diversity management and Rainey and Choi, in this context, inspects how organizational transparency united with diversity management contributes to the job satisfaction of the employees. To uncover this, data was derived from the 2006 Federal Human Capital Survey and for this, hierarchical regressions were used; these regressions consisted of both logistic and linear regressions. As for the method of the study model 1 was developed by a dependent variable of job satisfaction, a single-item measure and model 2 was developed with various-item measure. Other than dependent variables, the study also considered independent variables like diversity management, seeming organizational fairness and demographic variables. The result of t he study conclusively shows that job satisfaction among the racial or ethnic minority group and women in context of diversity management is rather low than their counterparts. Thus, the study leaves the public administrators with real practical inference despite the incessant efforts for diversity management made; there must be some loopholes causing dissatisfaction among women and ethnic or racial minorities. The changing demography in the organizational workforce has created unmatched challenges for organizations, both nonprofit and public. According to the authors of this particular chapter in the book, Wooldridge, Smith-Mason and Maddox, the journals of public management have made no considerable contribution in addressing diversity management in the public administrations and that this has purposed administering this research. This study aims at identifying the chief components of diversity. In addition, the research also inspects how the minority groups in a workplace feel as well as the extent of their job satisfaction. The study recognizes diversity components in terms of gender diversity, generational differences, ethnic and racial minorities, older workers, disabled workers and employees belonging to LGBT community. Interestingly, the study also mentions some unusual diversity groups in terms of couples with dual-income where both the partners are working and external or continge nt workers. This study effectively finds out that the biggest challenge for diversity is discrimination and lack of social sensitivity in the workplace. In addition, the authors have opined that visible demographic distinctiveness as racial and gender differences create correlation that is more negative rather than the others. Although the study limits its diversity data collection research work on Hispanic and African-American minorities, the study concludes on a positive note that effective management of diversity will enhance the teams creativity as well as level of participation and interaction. Diversity management in organizations and in workplaces has sought the attention of researches though the literatures of these previously conducted studies tend to offer contradictory suggestions on effective diversity management. Therefore, this study aims at developing a multilevel model to provide the organizations with a comprehensive view of diversity. Apparently, the study suggests a model explaining the connection between work-related outcomes and employee dissimilarity based on job motivation logic as well identifying practices of diversity management. By effectiveness in diversity management, the authors clarify here that it should refer to the desirable contributions in the team performance made by the diverse groups working. To conduct the study the authors first adopted a rational perspective and concentrated on employees differences from the companions in a working group and after that a motivational outlook was adopted by the authors on how these differences affect the outcome of individuals work. Further, six propositions were made to develop an integrated model and argument proceeded to decided how far these assumptions were valid. The study required assessing multiple methodologies used in various studies mixed with field studies applying survey methods. Research conducted by cited authors imply that the organizations must address the employees concerns regarding their identities, promote their self-efficacy and accept their performance as equally as of any other. The cited study refers to one significant aspect of diversity management that is not explicitly present in the previous other studies; the sense of psychological security contributing to diminish racial differences and enhancing employee performance. The authors of this article have positioned psychological security as an intermediating mechanism in the relationship between performance and diversity climate. It has been proposed that the employees assessment of the organizational climate regarding diversity manipulates their psychological safety that later tend to shape their performances. To prove this point, six hypotheses were adopted and further discussion continued in this regard. The study was based on both survey administration and data collection. The respondents were the supervisors and employees of a mid-sized production enterprise in Midwestern US. The purpose of the study was to measure diversity climate through 4-item scale and the psychological security by 3-item scale. The hypotheses were, thereafter reconsidered according to these surveys. The result of this study indicates that this relationship is stronger for the minorities than the majority of Whites. The implication of the study remains that the managers must foster and ensure psychological safety for the employees regardless of any discriminating factors and they must create an environment of hospitality for diversity in the organization. The practices of inclusion in the environment of diversity are greatly practiced now a day though there is scope for professional practice norms. Unfortunately, many of such inclusion activities are not the same with the complexity scale of the diversity issues needed to be addressed. This cited study aims to strengthen the competency of diversity and inclusion practitioners by providing the industrial and organizational psychologists with valuable research findings. Since, the research was primarily a qualitative one, in the first place, the increasing practice of DI in the workplace was considered. Besides this, the research intended to refer an improved strategy for the inclusion practices in an environment of diversity at workplace and for that four key principles such as resources and qualifications of the participants, group processes, relationships maintained with stakeholders and continuous improvement were assumed to be adhered. Eventually, the relevance of these professiona l practice norms to the industrial and organizational psychologists was considered. The authors further suggested that the direct involvement of the IO psychologists in the process of DI would actually enhance the process. This cited study aims to make an improvement on the previously done researches on how setting of goals or achievements voluntarily activates the employees of an organization and thereby influencing the relationship between diversity and performance even more. The study has been developed by testing earlier theories and extending those researches in the space of this study. The research was conducted in a business school in Netherlands where the students were working on a project of business simulation. Several groups containing four members each were formed and a survey was conducted on them even before the simulation started. The key measured items in this survey were goal orientation, cultural diversity, team performance and control variables. Grounded on this research, the previously assumed hypotheses were tested and the result of the preliminary study has both theoretical and practical implications. The study shifts significant focus on self-regulatory strategies and motivationa l orientations of the employees as well as the practical implications of the study emphasizes the importance of retaining diversity in the organizations. References Ghorashi, H., Sabelis, I. (2013). Juggling difference and sameness: Rethinking strategies for diversity in organizations.Scandinavian Journal of Management,29(1), 78-86. Choi, S., Rainey, H. G. (2014). Organizational fairness and diversity management in public organizations: Does fairness matter in managing diversity?.Review of Public Personnel Administration,34(4), 307-331. Rice, M. F. (2015).Diversity and public administration. ME Sharpe. Guillaume, Y. R., Dawson, J. F., Priola, V., Sacramento, C. A., Woods, S. A., Higson, H. E., ... West, M. A. (2014). Managing diversity in organizations: An integrative model and agenda for future research.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,23(5), 783-802. Singh, B., Winkel, D. E., Selvarajan, T. T. (2013). Managing diversity at work: Does psychological safety hold the key to racial differences in employee performance?.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,86(2), 242-263. Hays?Thomas, R., Bendick, M. (2013). Professionalizing diversity and inclusion practice: Should voluntary standards be the chicken or the egg?.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,6(3), 193-205. Pieterse, A. N., Van Knippenberg, D., Van Dierendonck, D. (2013). Cultural diversity and team performance: The role of team member goal orientation.Academy of Management Journal,56(3), 782-804.

Title Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Title Persuasive Essay The daughter of an active feminist, Mary Woolstonecraft Shelley eloped with the famous poet Percy Bysshe Shelley at the age of 15, and after was continually and profoundly influenced by his words and writings. Her novel Frankenstein is named among the best written and most meaningful of the gothic works, and is one of the few still popularly read today. A precursor to the Romantic trend in art and intellect, gothic novels rejected of the precepts of order, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular. The gothic tradition grew out of disillusionment with the Enlightenment and 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism. Romanticism as a whole emphasized the individual, the irrational, the imaginative, the spontaneous, the emotional, and the transcendental. Shelley herself defines gothic as a story which would speak to the mysterious fears of our Nature, and would awaken thrilling horrorone to make t he reader dread to look around, to curdle the blood and quicken the beatings of the heart. By infusing moral and social concerns into the gothic style, Shelley achieves more than a simple horror story, however. The universal societal and psychoanalytical questions raised in Frankenstein secure its place in world literature and promise decades of similarly fashioned gothic writings. As stated above, the gothic genre developed as a harsh reaction to the predominant Neoclassic ideals of the time; the emphasis shifted from the whole to the solitary, and from society to nature. The Graveyard Poets, one of whom is Thomas Gray, are attributed with having ushered in the new philosophy and are often termed Pre-Romantics. Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard has all the elements of the gothic: graves, overtones of death, a rural setting, and a desire for return to a more simplistic, natural time. Simultaneously, Jean-Jacques Rousseau preached a similar creed which presented society as evil, and called for a natural state of man. Shelley was schooled in both writers, and took their words to heart. In 1776 and 1789 Revolutions swept America and France, indicating that the Neoclassic ideals were not as stable as was previously thought. News of these revolutions infected the English with fears about similar occurrences in their own country, and much of this trepidation is manifested through devices such as the senseless mob violence in Frankenstein. Mary Shelley took fragments of histories and a legend surrounding the castle Frankenstein (which she may or may not have visited) she had heard and developed them into her novel. The castle was once inhabited by a doctor Conrad Dipple, an alchemist who claimed to have the elixir of life, and was known for graverobbing and signing his name Frankenstiena. She came across this information while vacationing with her husband and Lord Byron in Geneva in the summer of 1816. Mary writes in notes for an edition of her late husband s poetry that they read that summer the New Testament, Paradise Lost, Spensers Faery Queene, Montaignes Essays, and Aeschylus Prometheus, among numerous others (The Complete Poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley 575). One evening the three, along with Dr. John Polidori and Marys stepsister, Claire Clairmont, were trapped in Byrons castle as a storm raged outside. For a change from reading Coleridges vampiric poem Christabel, Byron suggested a ghost story competition. Out of this competition came Polidoris The Vampyre, Byrons Manfred, and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, the idea for which came to her in a nightmare. The setting under which the story was devised was perfect for the story itself; Frankenstein takes place in the Swiss Alps and in Ingolstadt, where Victor Frankenstein is schooled and creates his monster. The novel swims in gloom and decadent expanses of castle and lecture hall, and all the confrontation scenes between Victor and his creation take place in harsh natural settings such as the cliffs and the ice floes. This reinforces Shelleys belief in both the destructive and beautiful properties inherent in nature, and heightens the conflict between the two characters. The setting, in turn, helps create the mood which permeates the novel. The tone is melancholy, and has an almost destructive sense about it. Due to the instability of the entire society, and Victor in particular, the mood shifts much like the emotions of a manic-depressive would; Victor seems wholly disconsolate yet notices flashes of beauty, such as in the spring during which he recovered with Clervals assistance. The tone also reveals the social prejudices of the time during the scenes in which the monster is attacked though he has done nothing to provoke such action. This mob mentality is used to illustrate the dangers of a society thinking as a whole; one mistake, and all is lost. The attacks are depicted violently and seem almost mechanical as one shout of fear and misunderstanding leads to an uncontrollable mass of angry bodies without any real reason for their ire. The truly frightening aspect of the mob scenes is the fact that no one questions the purpose behind the attack, but simply follows. The story makes use of a frame, a structure typical of the genre. The events are retold from a first-person narrative to a secondary audience who is unfamiliar with the happenings. This allows justification of expository information and also allows the audience (now the narrator) to voice thematic and moral assumptions derived from the content of the tale. Frankenstein begins as a seamans journal, but, upon the beginning of Victors experience, drops almost entirely the presence of Robert Walton (the seaman) and presents the tale through the Doctors eyes. Walton is necessary for practical reasons as well: since Frankenstein dies, there must be someone to relate his life, and it would be unfeasible for the story to be told through a personal journal for the simple fact that Fran kenstein had more important things to do than keep a diary. Shelley drew from two Classical sources, Ovids Metamorphosis and John Miltons Paradise Lost, for the creation of Frankenstein. From Metamorphosis came the Prometheus legend, which appears in the subtitle The Modern Prometheus. One of the Titans in Greek mythology, Prometheus returned fire from Mount Olympus to the humans after it had been taken from them by Zeus, and so was imprisoned on a peak where an eagle each day ate his liver, which grew again each morning. The Prometheus legend applies to Frankenstein in the instance of Victor, who obtains forbidden knowledge (that which humans should not have, like the fire) and then is punished for its misuse, however unintentional. Adam and Eves Fall from Grace, as related in Miltons epic poem, is very similar to the Prometheus legend, but with obvious Christian overtones. Victor Frankenstein is the ignorant humans in the Garden who are overcome by the temptation of the snakes (Sa tans) poisoned fruit of forbidden knowledge. Victor truly believes his efforts will help humanity, and A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me (Shelley 52). In the end, however, nature refuses his sway over its secrets and hands him an abomination; his failure is absolute and he suffers dearly his grand illusions. He has fallen, and all he holds in his heart is destroyed as a result of his seemingly benevolent search for things beyond his capacity and place. Percy Shelley was a devout atheist (if such a thing is possible), and he doubtless challenged the validity of Marys proper Christian upbringing. Despite his abhorrence for organised religion, both Shelleys read Paradise Lost twice for its literature between 1816 and the publishing of Frankenstein in 1818, and the influence of Milton is obvious. On the title page Shelley quotes Milton, Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay To mould me Man, did I solici t thee From darkness to promote me? Paradise Lost, X, 743-45 In the context of her novel, the passage reads as the monster questioning Victor, to whom he gives scornful god-like attributes. Victors irresponsibility in creating the innocent being from severed corpses and then refusing him and leaving him to die speaks of a distant, uncaring god whose qualities mirror Satans more closely than Christs. Shelleys novel is a clear message warning the unbridled destructive power of aggravated Nature, and the realms into which man should not meddle. Just as Victors character is a composite of Adams, Gods, and Satans attributes, the monster is faced with the same confusion of identity. This quality stems from Shelleys concern over the identity of her society as a whole, which was slowly disintegrating into smaller hostile factions. Paradise Lost is one of the works from which the monster masters language (another being Frankensteins journal, which fans his rage), and so he becomes learned in Christianity. The monster, being of above-average stature and strength, also displays a highly intellectual and logical power of reasoning. He extends his personal condition into the novel and declares, Like Adam, I was apparently united by no other link to any other human beingI was wretched, helpless, and alone. Many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition (Shelley 135-136). The monster, while conceived of the discarded parts of criminals, was originally quite kind and sought only companionship, one of the primary quests of man. God saw this and bestowed Eve upon Adam. His unnaturally born and unlearned character served as a foil for the misguided and overly scientific Frankenstein. However, after a string of unfounded and brutal refusals by both his maker and society, his once benevolent character turns to anger and the pursuit of revenge. The creature tells Frankenstein that, The fallen angel becomes a malignant devil. Yet even that enemy of God and man ha d friends and associates in his desolation; I am alone (Shelley 240). Since he is rejected as another Adam, the monster assumes the role of Satan, where at least he is able to vent and does get some attention and respect. His rationale is that, if I cannot inspire love, I will cause fearif I have no ties and affections, hatred and vice must be my portion (Shelley 125-126). Denied of love and companionship, the monster reasons that the only option left him is its opposite: evil and destruction. Like Satan, the monster is effectively isolated from society due to the perception of him as hostile and evil, and this only serves to increase his hostility. Well before he had committed a single act against society, they fled from him or pursued him with weapons and cries. He saved a young girl from drowning and was shot; he helped a destitute family through a winter they would not have survived and, when he finally amasses the courage to reveal himself to them, they beat him and chase him f rom their land. He relates that Felix (the young man of the family) struck me violently with a stick. I could have torn him limb from limbBut my heart sank within me as with bitter sickness, and I refrained (Shelley 117). Even when attacked the monster is too upset by this refusal of his company to defend himself; companionship and understanding are of primary and singular importance to him. After several such disheartening failures, the creature resigns himself to a solitary life and devotes his energies towards the destruction of his absentee creator. Had he been accepted by only one individual, he might have endured the hostility of all others. The theme of mans fall from grace is attributed to the sin of pride and the danger of delusions of grandeur. If man would accept and remain confined to his place in the scheme of life, nature would do as should be done, and man could live in harmony. The balance between the natural world and the newly industrialised, scientific world of ma n is delicate and unstable. Shelley believes that scientific advances must be employed with extreme caution, and man must never forget his roots. Another struggle between poles is the ubiquitous battle between darkness and light. Metaphorically, darkness seeps into the light of knowledge much like the ever-present gloom in the gothic atmosphere. This ignorant darkness threatens progress and knowledge, but is natural and permanent; never will light overcome darkness, but the opposite is plausible. Occasional flashes of light, such as Victors discovery of the secret of life, are quickly obscured by the unforgiving and impenetrable blackness of nature. This impossibility of the permanence of scientific knowledge (which is the most dynamic branch of knowledge) questions the validity of a society based upon reason in a natural, malevolent world. The gothic is based upon the realisation that the former intellectual structures were collapsing, and Shelley is doubtful of the coming of a new er, better philosophy. The cycle of philosophies is again drifting towards nature as the key to harmonious and godly life, and Frankenstein illustrates the triumph of nature over science. Frankensteins monster is the embodiment of science and reason twisted to reality by the whims of Nature under which he was schooled. Science unleashed and unmonitored (as all science ultimately becomes) offers far more serious consequences than nature itself could ever inflict upon man. More than a caution on the dangers of science, Frankenstein calls for a united band of tolerant and democratic individuals to comprise the new culture. Ironically, the monster embodies this ideal: If any being felt emotions of benevolence towards me, I should return them a hundred fold; for that one creatures sake, I would make peace with the whole kind (Shelley 125). The monster wishes for peace and understanding while Frankenstein himself is caught in a web of reason and intellectualism; the creature is the embodi ment of nature while Victor serves as an illustration of the failing Neoclassic philosophies. The violence of this breaking social structure manifests itself with a distaste for the aristocracy (symbolically, the castles) and their comfort in their abused powers. Romanticism places importance on the individual and on democracy, denouncing hierarchical and inherited rule. The mob mentality and general loss of identity is derived directly from the disintegration of such a long-standing system; the culture is drowned in a torrent of questions and confusion. Finally, the omnipotence of nature again overrides the futile attempts of man at order and reason. Though Frankenstein is said to have marked the end of the gothic period in 18th century literature, its model still is emulated and admired. The novel had great influence upon the middle and late Romantic works, such as Percy Bysshe Shelleys drama Prometheus Unbound of 1819. Among the characteristic attitudes of Romanticism was a deepe ned appreciation of the beauties of nature, an exaltation of emotion over reason and of the senses over intellect, a focus on mans passions and inner struggles. The movement also emphasized imagination as a gateway to transcendent experience and spiritual truth, an interest in the medieval era, and a predilection for the mysterious and the monstrous. These attributes evolved directly from the gothic genre, but became more refined and less grotesque in the process. The Victorian era saw a resurgence in the ghost story, though their style tends to be more subliminal and domesticated than the blatantly evil tone of the gothic. American Romanticism had its base in this period of English literature as well. Poes Ligea and Fall of the House of Usher and Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown use many gothic conventions and themes, such as the ominous tone, dream-like or surreal sequences, and warnings about interdependency and the manipulation of ones mind. The gothic novel revolves as part of th e literary cycle, periodically returning for a brief period in the publics eye and then again disappearing into obscure circles of its few disciples. In this scientific age, the gothic is viewed as being overly sentimental, predictable, and implausible. As the ages change, readers, like Victor, are forced to exchange chimeras of boundless grandeur which the gothic inspires for realities of little worth (Shelley 46). The gothic, the fantastic, is a necessary balance for logic and reason as much as light is to dark, and good to evil. Without one, the other is undefined and therefore has no purpose in its existence. Frankenstein will live on as a brilliant insight into both the political environment of the 18th century and the eternal condition of man as an extension of nature. 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