The History and Current Situation of Rotary Kiln Essay Example for Free

The History and Current Situation of Rotary Kiln Essay Rotary kiln belongs to building material equipment, and it can be divided into cement kiln, metallurgy chemical kiln and lime kiln according to different materials. Cement kiln is used for making of cement clinker and there are dry and wet methods to make cement. Metallurgy chemical kiln is used in metallurgy industry and ironworks for lean iron ore, chromium ore and ferronickel ore calcimine. The application of rotary kiln originated from the cement production. British cementer J.  Asp invented soil shaft kiln of intermittent operation in 1824; A German invented multilayer shaft kiln of continuous operation in1883; British E Ransome invented the rotary kiln in 1885 which was put into production after obtaining the patent in England and America and gained considerable economic benefits. The invention of rotary kiln makes the cement industry develop rapidly and promotes the study on application of rotary kiln. The rotary kiln is used in many industrial fields and takes a more important role in these productions. The rotary kiln becomes the core equipment in enterprise production. The technical characteristic and service behavior of rotary kiln are essential to the quality, output and cost of the product. As long as the big kiln is running, the money is coming. This ballad is a vivid description on the importance of rotary kiln in production. The rotary kiln is most often used in cement industry. The whole production technology of cement is summarized as two grinding and one burning. One burning means the technological process of burning the ground and prepared raw material into clinker by the high temperature of rotary kiln. So the rotary kiln is the main engine in cement production, and is commonly referred to as heart of cement factory. In building material industry, besides roasting cement clinker, the rotary kiln is also used for roasting clay, limestone and drying slag, etc. Rotary kiln is used for calcimine of high aluminum vandal oche in refractory material industry; for calcimine of calotte and aluminum hydroxide in aluminum manufacturer; for claiming of chrome sand ore and chrome powder ore in chemical plant. Lime kiln is used for baking active lime and dolomite in the steel factory and ferroalloy factory.

The Assignment Of The Mcdonalds Business Commerce Essay

The Assignment Of The Mcdonalds Business Commerce Essay This assignment based upon a company McDonalds. In todays economic competitive environment business go through structural and occupational changes, some are for the better and other for the worse. In with contract of managing change of McDonalds i am going to discuss history and background of the organisation ,the changes that are being affected by todays economy, swot analysis , pest analysis, comparison of the alternative from of the organisational development, an investigation and evolution of purposed changes, adaptation of appropriate modal for recommended changes and planning of implementation of processes and possible changes. Mcdonalds one of the largest fast food restaurant in all over the world, serving the best food every day. It was 1940 when two brother bother Dick and Mac started their first McDonalds restaurant in California, basically it was a BBQ restaurant. In 1948 they introduced the concept of speedee service system which was the step toward establishment towards the fast food restaurants. Till 1958 ther were 34 restaurants and afterword in late 1959 Kroc had opened 67 new restaurants total of 101. They indroduced world famous Golden arches logo in 1962. In 1961 McDonalds was the number one fast food chain of the country. In 1965 went through publiclization, afterward McDonald opened 1000t restaurants. In 1975 McDonald introduce its first drive. In 1983 McDonald was the second largest retailer of the chicken in the world in 1987 McDonald has opened 600 new restaurants. In 1967 the first foreign restaurant in the British Columbia ,Canada. By 1990 McDonald company had opened more than 3600 in more than 58 countries all over the world some of them were franchised agreements, some wholly owned subsidiaries and some at join venture.and the countries were Great Britain, japan, Canada, Germany, France and Australia. Hapburger university was opened by the corporation in Tokyo in 1971 and in Munich in 1975 and in London in 1982. Most of the growth came outside from the USA and the number of the stores increased from 3600 to 1100 restaurants from 1991 to 1998 and the number of the countries went doubled from 59 to 114 in the late 1998 in all over the world including middle east and some parts of the Asia. In th e urab countries for the restaurant chain they had introduce HAla menu, which is the according to the Islamic rule of preparation of the food. In 1996 they introduced McDonald in the Indian market. In 2004 McDonald had continued ppening new stores and took great consentration at the existing business. The number of stores incteased from 30496 to 32478 from 2004 to 2009. Changes at mcdonalds: Every management system within the organization want to maintain its strength, capability and competencies. Changes most of the time plays the key role in the development of the organisation toward the fulfilment of organisational future goal. It is very important for every single individual of any organisation to be prepare their minds for any upcoming change that are necessary for the future development of that particular organisation. Most of the changes are easily adoptable because of the latest technology. Most of the time changes makes the tasks to be done very easier , to make the life easy. For many organisations managing the change is consider a primary activity in deeply understanding the future objectives and goals for any organisation and even the implementation is consider physical step for the employment of an invention. The awareness of any part within the organisation for the improvement is consider the first step even in the change process. In the case of McDonalds c orporation lots of changes had happened in terms of business management, business strategy, business competition and in term of product and services. Some of the changes are as follows. 1937 Patrick McDonald had opened hamburger stand in California 1940 two brothers Dick and Mac had opened McDonald as BBQ restaurant 1948 introduction of speedee service system 1953 McDonalds first franchisee with Neil 1954 the introduction of entrepreneur and milkshake mix by Ray Kron 1955 introduction of grillman in the store 1958 the sale of 100 millionth hamburgers 1959 beginning of billboard advertisement 1960 company become the McDonalds corporation 1961 Dick and Mac had sell business rights and the opening of hamburger university 1962 the ad in national magazine and introduction of first setting restaurant 1963 500 restaurants were opened 1968 introduction of big Mac 1971 first Asian restaurant in japan 1973 introduction of egg Mc Muffin 1974 McDonalds corporation had opened 3000th restaurant in Woolwich south east London 1976 first cash division 1977 addition of breakfast menu in US 1978 5000th McDonalds restaurant in Japan and the graduation of 15000 students from the hamburger university 1979 the introduction of the happy meal in McDonalds menu 1980 addition in the menu with chicken Mc Nuggets 1984 the main sponsor of summer Olympics 1992 the worlds largest McDonald restaurant in chaina after word in Africa. Saudi Arabia 1996 the first Indian McDonald restaurant in India 1997 Mc Furry by Canadian franchisee 2000 publication of the fast food nation and the opening of the 1000th British restaurants 2002 15th rank in food quality among the hamburger chain 2003 3% fallen in shares in past 5 years 2004 super size option 2006 nutritional information at packaging for all products 2007 42-ounce super size suda 2008 chichen biscuit 2009 three versions of the Angus burger SWOT analysis: Strenth: McDonald had the great history and the achievement throughout its long experience period. Almost 67000 managers were promoted every year from the team members and McDonald is investing $ 1 billion in training employees every years 2008 no.1 food service company in fortune magazine Worlds most famous logos Community oriented and socially responsible organization contributing in care mobile programs in medical and in education of the children and sponsor of the Olympics athlets Multinational corporation operating more than 119 countries all over the world having more than 32000 restaurants Flexible culture adopted organization Excellent food preparation style and food safety Weakness: Failure of competing with fast food pizza chain Expenditure of the more money on training due to high turnover of employees Capitalization to organic food Negative impact between investors relationship due to decreasing ratio Opportunity: It is the great opportunity for the McDonald the introduction of healthy hamburger and it would be the first fast food to sell low fat low calorie hamburger with alternatives with FDA approval McDonald had the opportunity to provide more upscale setting style instead of industrial Formica restaurant setting like they are providing in new York to capture more market share They should add more value box meal in their menu in wide range of verities Breakfast menu, chicken, beverage and other convenience categories like special coffees etc are not only became the reason of the increase the sale in recession period but also is the reason in increase the number of the customers visting the restaurants Threat: Due to cradle to grave marketing they had created negative and criticized impression toward some of the parents of the children especially from some of the advocate parents which they thought is marginally ethical Many times in the past they had sued due to unhealthy food containing additive additives There is a documentary conducted by Michael Sulock super size me in 2004 in which he went through McDonald diet for one month and got cirihosis of the lever.as the result from the documentary McDonald had to remove the super size option from their dive thru window Food supply contamination There is a huge competition among the competitors like burger king, starbucks, taco bell, KFC and Wendys PEST analysis: Political factor: The new governent of UK has recently increased the taxes due to this increment cost of the raw material as well has increased. Most of the trading policies employment lows taxation corporation and the customers are in the favour of McDonald corporation and the companys revenue is also going up as compare to past. Economic factor: In 2009 McDonald had generated the revenue $22.7 billions where the operating profit was $6.8 billion and from the past five years the annual increment is 4.9% while the interest rates are increased and the inflation is going down day by day. The economic growth is going up exchange rates are as well increased and in the business life cycle McDonald is at the maturity level. Technological factor: At this stage of competitor technological environment for the company success full operations technology is the key element because the company needs latest machines and other equipment to provide good and fast customer service satisfaction. Being a worlds no.1 and leading brand for the food service retailer company must need to consider the latest technology for the preparation and serving the food in more efficient way in challenging environment. UK government is spending more at research. Social factor: McDonald is well known brand all over the world and McDonald corporation is very conscious health safety and welfare point of view. In every country they had divided their marketing strategy demographically according to the related culture of that particular region. It differs according to challenging changing life style of different regions of the world. Like m the menu in term of taste and spice is totally different in UK as compare to Asia especially in India. A comparison of the alternative form of the organization development: Every organisation will have to undergo development and changes over the time McDonald had undergo through several changes in the past like in employees related matters in products and srevises vs the current changes or the proposed changes. Now a days the new marketing complain of the McDonald is to adopt the new health conscious sub image that would be the according to latest health awareness trend and the target market would be the children. The main goal of this proposed change is to introduce a new sprate low fat menu for the children. McDonald is aware this kind of strategy will give the awareness to consumers the importance of the health to both parents and children about the nutritional value of the meal and this marketing will introduce new McDonald to public. In order to implement this invention company need a particular departmental tasks to handle the necessary matters related to particular change. It is proved that the changes leve the different conflict before during an d after the implementation. Thus it is the responsibility of the manager to have the ability to understand what need to be changed but also have the effective knowledge to introduce the change. In this situation the resistance can be occur thus might be some employees or customer are in the favour or against the purposed change. If we compare different companies that are the competitors of the McDonald everyone is in huge competition and everyone is adopting the necessary changes tocapture the market share and to fullfill its future organisational goal. http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/04/corporate-leadership-and-change-management.html Stakeholder analysis : Stakeholder are the groups or individuals who have direct or indirect impact upon the organisation. Each stake holder has different interest upon the organisation depending upon his status in that particular organisation one of the McDonald stakeholders is the employees because any change occur in the organisation it directly effect the employees because they want to be the business success full. Other stakeholders are the government ,suppliers, social societies ,NGOs , managers , shareholders , distributer and the local community. Any occurring change in the McDonald corporation leaves the direct effect upon the stakeholders. Change is necessary for the development of the organisation as it is playing in a competitive environment and business as well treat each stakeholder in different way because the business want to do anything they can do in order to win their arguments. Overall we can say most important stakeholder of the McDonald is its valuable customers any change in the corp oration in term of menu in term of product , price ,place and promotion will directly affect them. Customers are the key elements of the business they bring the money to the company and without them the business will be unsuccessful and the company will lose their reputation and soon will have to close down. Effective communication is also plays a valuable role between the stakeholders. To implent the valuable in the organisation effective communication is necessary to understand the proposed changes and to implement it efficiently and effectively. And there should be the feedback and feed forward system. To bring a change there should be alternative course of action for a valid proposed change in the organisation and they should use appropriate control mechanism and the established budget system for the organisation and its stakeholders to implement efficient and effective change in the organisation. An investigation and evaluation of proposed changes: Change is constant and especially in the field of fast food every day people want to taste something new something different from the past that is the big reason why the change is needed in the chosen organisation. McDonald is inverting lots of the money at the reaserch every year to indroduce more healthy and nutritional food to its valuable customers the company is proposing the following changes New products with delicious taste and valuable customer satisfaction New look and image in the customer mind New soft policies and procedures for the stakeholders Locations and logistics New business strategies A senior McDonalds executive said that recent changes to the fast food chains menu were prompted not by a desire to appear socially responsible but by customer demand. The scope of the change in the implementation of the integrated marketing communication (IMC) As the part of the marketing strategy. The main purpose of this change is the promotional compain about the advertisement of the McDonald corporation. Normally these task are to be done by the open sponsorship of offering the products and services and those are all done by using different kind of promotional channels (media) that are use for the promotional compains and advertising. the main focus of this change is on advertising and sale promotion and this change will direct effect to IMC as the part of the marketing strategy of the McDonald. http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=2043 7-S model of change: There are various school of thoughts developed over the years in order to establish the organisation successfully effect the change. 7-S model is the systematic management tool that is design to examine the organizational structure. In this seven key areas of the organization are discussed and their key elements and their internal relationship as well. These 7 are als divided in two categories hard and soft elements. Hard element: Strategy Structure System Soft elements Shared values, skills, style and staff Strategy: In the changing environment the main strategy of the McDonald is the proper rote map planning to attain the competitive advantage and the main aim to capture the more market share by providing then healthy nutritional food at competitive price with efficient service system. Structure: The hierarchy of the McDonald is from top down management any proposed change and its implementation is start from the top level management to the lower level management passing through the middle level. This is the positive point for the McDonald. System: McDonald Corporation is a system within the system every single task and the proposed change is performed in a systematic way. There could be one change that will help the organization to achieve its goal that is the processing system for the preparation of the food and the delivery system need to be simplified in The day to day processes and procedure throughout the company. Shared value: There is strong need of the change in the share value in the McDonald for the effective communication and involvement of each single individual in the organization in order to discuss the core value of the compamy. Style: This is the soft element of the organization as will depend upon which management style the organization style the management the organization is having is either the leadership style or any other one. McDonald corporation have the leadership management style in which any proposed change is discussed inefficient way. Staff: McDonald consider its employees as the to success the business it is taking in consideration their employees and their board abilities regarding the future change. Skills: Skill and compitencies of the employees are consider the soft element for the organisation. McDonald is paying deep intension and investing huge amount of money at training of its employees for providing even batter products to their customers in efficient way to get the require stasfaction from the customers and to full fill the company,s goal. http://www.lmcuk.com/management-tool/the-7-s-model-for-organisational-change kotters 8- step model change: the author of this model is consider guru in leadership and change management, he is the professor at Harvard business school and has introduced eight steps in the change process in his book 1995 Leading change Create urgency The change will happen successfully if every single individual in the organization (whole organization) or out side really want that change . to get the motivational step towards the things to move it is necessary to devepol the sense of urgency needed for that change. For that purpose the McDonald need to identify the potential threat and to do the future forecast. Than have the look at available opportunities. McDonald need to start the honest discussion so that the people can think and talk about that particular change and request for the feedback from all the stakeholders. Form a power full coalition: It is necessary to convince the people about the necessary change for the favourable leadership from the key persons for that McDonald need to identify the true leaders in the organization as for the emotional commitment building the team within its change in coalition and the most important thing is the availability of the staff in different departments at each level of the management require to perform particular task. create the vision for the change: a clear vision will help everyone to understand why when and where these changes these changes need to be done. It describes the value that are the reason for the change. McDonald need to adopt the short summery of the future forecast of the organization and to execute the vision. Communicate the vision Communication plays the key role in the success of the organisation. In McDonald corporation for the proposed changes day to day communication is necessary to discuss the change in the vision and need to tie everything back to vision. 5-Remove the abstracts: Resistance in the change is as well constant in some how. The organization need to identify is there any resistance in the proposed changes for that purpose McDonald need to hire the change leader who plays the main role in developing the change and need to look in the structure of the change and description of the job, establishing reward and remove the business quickly. 6-Create the short terms-win McDonald need to create short term target so that each single targeted change can be achieve easily and need to choose early target that are less expensive and reware the people to help to achieve the targeted goal. 7- build on the change. Quick wins are just the beginning and are lead toward the fulfilment of the main goal of the organization. Every organisation need to consider ever small win in which what they have done and what the improvements are needed. Always keep the idea fresh discuss with the agents and the leaders for the coalition. 8- Anchor the change in corporation culture: Finally for any change stick it should be the part of the organization for this purpose every thing must shown in day to day work sheet. McDonald need to discuss the change ideas and the value when hiring and training new staff and there should be the alternative of replacement of key leaders as the more on and this will be legacy and is not forggtten. http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_82.htm Therefore, it is concluded that, changes of management is not bad as long as the changes made can really enhance the competitiveness and strength of an organisation.   It is effective, if and only if, a thorough investigation and evaluation of the organizations performance has made. And if the study suggests that there is a need for change, then that is the only time, the organisation should imposed required changes to be done. Because, change of management system is very critical or crucial, one wrong move, the company, might faced its biggest downturn instead of strengthen and expand its business portfolio and survive to the stiff competition in the business arena. It is recommended that McDonald must see to it that the changes are well planned and implemented carefully, because these will the basis for the success and/or failure of any organisation.

Structure And Function Of Skin Health And Social Care Essay

Structure And Function Of Skin Health And Social Care Essay Marty is a 2-year-old toddler brought into the Emergency Department by his distraught 16 year old single mother, Mandy. Mandy had been heating some chicken soup in the microwave in their council flat in Whitechapel, when her friend Tracey had rung Mandys mobile. Mandy left the boiling soup on the kitchen table leaving Marty alone in the kitchen. Mandy, hearing Martys scream, rushed back into the kitchen to find that Marty must have reached up and tipped the soup over himself mainly over his chest and torso. Mandy immediately removed Martys clothes, and wrapped him in a damp towel, and called for an ambulance. When Marty reaches the Royal London Accident and Emergency he is in considerable pain and is given an analgesic and started on intravenous fluids. Marty is assessed and found to have second-degree partial thickness burns over both of his upper arms and lower abdomen and second degree deep partial thickness burns on his upper chest. At the periphery of these second degree burns are first-degree burns with large blisters developing some of which have burst. In total approximately 30% of Martys BSA is affected. Mandy is distraught and wants to know if Marty will be scarred for life. Learning Objectives: The normal structure and function of skin Normal wound healing Burns Classification Treatments Stem cells Prognosis Social/Ethical/Legal issues Child abuse Normal structure and function of the skin Normal structure of skin The structure of the skin is divided into three layers, the epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis. (Bardia Amirlak, 2011) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http://www.discovercosmeticsurgery.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/skin-structure.jpg Source: (Discover Cosmetic Surgery, 2010) Epidermis Source: (Structure of the Skin)The epidermis is the uppermost layer of the skin and is avascular. It obtains its nutrients and oxygen from the underlying dermis through diffusion. The epidermis is subdivided into 5 layers the stratum basale which consists of basal (stem) cells and melanocytes, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and the stratum corneum. It is made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Bardia Amirlak, 2011)http://encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/images/epidermal%20layer.jpg Skin cells are being reproduced constantly to replace dead cells (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011). The process is as follows: Each basal cell in the stratum basale Mitosis A cell that moves upwards to form part of the stratum spinosum. Basal (Stem) cell. This remains in the stratum basale. The basal cells found in the stratum basale divide repeatedly to produce a stem cell and another cell which matures and moves upwards towards the surface of the skin. They also become drier because they are moving away from the dermis which is the cells source of fluid. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The stratum corneum cells are shed on a daily basis and new cells reproduced by the process below replace them. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) When the keratinocytes enter the stratum lucidum, they die due to apoptosis and the nucleus disappears. They form a layer of cells which is only observed in thick skin, for example, the palms of the hands. It is absent in thinner skin, for example, around the eyes. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) By the time the original cell enters the stratum corneum, it is a dead, dry, flat packet of keratin which contain no nucleus. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Source: (Dreamstime) Dendritic cells are found in the stratum spinosum which form an important part of the immune system. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Cells mature as they move towards the surface of the skin. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) In the stratum spinosum, the cell amasses lots of keratin which is a tough, fibrous protein to become keratinocytes. They also become drier and flatter as they mature and move upwards to form part of the stratum granulosum. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The flat keratinocytes filled with protein granules form part of the stratum granulosum. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Cells divide by mitosis. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Melanocytes are also found within the stratum basale which produce melanin and this is responsible for a persons skin colour. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http://www.dreamstime.com/anatomy-of-the-epidermis-of-the-skin-non-labeled-thumb18513932.jpg Dermis The dermis is highly vascular and consists of many structures such as sweat glands, hair follicles, nerves, macrophages, dendritic cells and blood vessels. It is made up of collagen and elastic tissue. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The dermis is subdivided into the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/rdroual/Lecture%20Notes/Unit%201/FG04_07.jpg Papillary dermis consists of the dermis between the folds of the epidermis to a short distance beneath the papillae. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Source: (Integumentary System)The reticular dermis includes the rest of the dermis and contains most of the structures listed above. As illustrated, this layer consists of dense fibrous tissue. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Hypodermishttp://www.maharshiclinic.com/images/hypodermis.gif Source: (StudyBlue, 2010)The hypodermis lies underneath the dermis and is subdivided into two layers: a fat layer and a deep fascia layer. The deep fascia layer is made up of dense connective tissue and this encases the entire body. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Function of the skin The skin has many important functions:- Protection The skin acts as a barrier to environmental effects, such as abrasions, and microbes. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Containment It prevents dehydration by providing containment of all the tissues and organs of the body. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Heat Regulation The skin regulates body temperature using sweat glands and blood vessels by a process known as homeostasis. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Sensation Sensory nerve endings found in the skin provide sensation, for example, pain. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) Vitamin D When light energy is absorbed, cholecalciferol or Vitamin D is synthesised in the skin. This promotes bone growth when metabolised and activated. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) (R. Bowen, 2011) Normal Wound Healing When the skin is injured, for example, due to a burn, the cells undergo necrosis and die. They release enzymes which kill neighbouring cells and therefore, the damage spreads. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Wound healing consists of three phases (Clinimed, 2012):- Inflammation (Clinimed, 2012) Fibroblasts produce new collagen type III tissue. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (SP Zinn)Proliferation (Clinimed, 2012) Maturation (Clinimed, 2012) Inflammatory cells accumulate on the surface and water evaporates from the extracellular fluid causing a scab to arise. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Granulation tissue is the accumulation of blood vessels, such as capillaries, and fibroblasts. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Collagen type III is remodelled into collagen type I which is much stronger. (CliniMed, 2012) Source: (Wound Care Solutions Telemedicine) During inflammation, there is an increased flow of blood to the injury site which brings white blood cells to destroy bacteria and remove any dead remains of cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Occurs over a long period of time. (SP Zinn)http://www.woundcaresolutions-telemedicine.co.uk/images/WoundHealingProcess.jpg A clot forms due to red blood cells and platelets being released. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Tissue healing takes place in the proliferative stage. It can result in complete regeneration if the stroma of the tissue is left intact. This means that a scar is not formed and the tissue can be restored to complete normalcy. However, if the stroma is distorted or damaged, then a mixture of regeneration and scarring will occur as the regenerating cells are not supported or directed appropriately. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Regeneration is also determined by the location of the injury. Tissue cells, for example, have many stem cells which allow them to undergo more successful regeneration compared to muscle cell which have a lower number of stem cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Maturation involves the remodelling of collagen fibres. This occurs over a long period of time and is only initiated after the wound has been closed. (CliniMed, 2012) Source: (CliniMed, 2012)Phases of Wound Healing Burns Classification A burn is defined as an injury resulting from exposure to heat, chemicals or radiation. (WordNet Search 3.1) The classification of burns according to the layers affected is as follows (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011): Type of Burn Regions Affected Sensation Appearance Example Time to Heal Superficial(First Degree) Burns Epidermis Painful Erythema, Swelling Sunburn Superficial Partial Thickness (Second Degree) Burns Epidermis and Papillary Dermis Painful, Sensitive to touch Formation of blisters Scalding due to boiling water 2-3 weeks Deep Partial Thickness (Second Degree) Burns Epidermis, Papillary Dermis and Reticular Dermis Painless (due to nerve endings being damaged) White or pale (due to lack of blood vessels) Fire burn 3-6 weeks Full Thickness (Third Degree) Burns All the layers of the skin Painless(due to nerve endings being damaged) Dry and leathery Directly exposed to flame Skin grafting needed to heal Fourth Degree Burn Skin and underlying muscle and bone Painless Dry and leathery, black or purple Electrical and severe thermal burns Hospital admission is required Source: (Medical Student LC), (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Marieb Hoehn, 2012) Burns can also be classified by the total body surface area affected: The rule of nines can be used to estimate the total body surface area affected by a burn. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) The total body surface area affected together with the patients age is used to calculate the severity of the burn and the volume of body fluid lost. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Marieb Hoehn, 2012) Source: (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Treatments First Aid The first aid for treatment of burns is as follows: The person must be removed from the source of burn as soon as possible. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) Clothes or jewellery must be removed from the burning area. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) The burn must be cooled for approximately 10-30 minutes using cool or lukewarm water only. It should then be covered but not wrapped, with clingfilm because it is sterile and doesnt stick to the burn. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) (Bupa, 2011) The person must be kept warm to prevent hypothermia. (NHS Choices,2012) The pain can be managed with paracetamol or ibuprofen. (NHS Choices,2012) (Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) First aid must be given to the patient as soon as possible to minimise the damage caused by the burn. (NHS Choices, 2012) Treatment for different types of burns The treatment given depends on the type of burn it is: Superficial (First Degree) burns Superficial burns are treated by cooling the burn with clean water and managing the pain with the use of analgesics (painkillers) or topical solutions such as aloe vera. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) Superficial burns do not result in deep wounds and blisters therefore, there is only a slim chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) Partial thickness (Second degree) burns Partial thickness burns are treated in the same way as superficial burns. The first step in treating partial thickness burns is cleaning the wound with water and reducing pain and swelling with the use of analgesics. The next step is to use sterile gauze to cover the burn without breaking the blister to minimise the chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011) The skin layers can still regenerate after a partial thickness burn due to the stem cells present in hair follicles. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) However, severe partial thickness burns, for example, burns covering a significant proportion of the body, require medical attention and are treated using (InjuryInformation.com, 2009): First Aid to clean the burn and prevent the chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) Intravenous fluids to prevent excess heat and fluid loss which could lead to a decrease in blood pressure and shock. (Bupa, 2011)(Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Prophylactic antibiotics if the patient is suspected of being infected, prophylactic antibiotics are given to treat the infection. (Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 2007) (Bupa, 2011) Analgesics Analgesics will be given, for example, ibuprofen, aspiring, paracetamol, to manage the pain. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011) (NHS Choices, 2012) Skin grafts to reduce scarring. This is carried out for patients with severe partial thickness, full thickness and fourth degree burns to re-establish the surface of the skin because most of the basal cells have been destroyed. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Bupa, 2011) (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011) There are four different types of skin grafts (Leah DiPlacido, 2010): Autografts The skin is taken from any part of the part of the patients body, for example, the buttocks. This is then spread over the wound and held in place using staples or stitches. (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011) (Bupa, 2011) (Leah DiPlacido, 2010)The main advantage of autografts is that it is no issue of rejection because it is the patients own skin. Allografts The donor skin is from another person, usually a cadaver. However, the cells in the skin need to be alive when transplanted. The disadvantage of allografts is that the patients immune system will attack the allografts leading to rejection. Therefore, this is only a temporary form of cover. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010) Xenografts The skin used is from a different species, for example, a pig. It has the same disadvantage as allografts and eventually results in rejection, therefore, xenografts are also used as a temporary cover. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010) Synthetic Tissue Burns can also be covered using synthetic tissue which is synthesised in a laboratory. It is made of collagen and carbohydrate and is placed over the wound to allow the patients own cells to grow into this engineered skin. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010) Full thickness (Third Degree) and Fourth degree burns Immediate emergency attention is required for these burns as all the layers of the skin are destroyed. This also increases the likelihood of an infection and therefore, these burns are treated in a sterile environment. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) All full thickness and fourth degree burns require full-thickness skin grafts in which the transplanted skin includes the underlying muscle and blood supply. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011) An escharatomy is also performed in severe burns where the skin and tissue becomes inelastic and damages blood vessels thereby preventing circulation. Surgical incisions are made along the area of the burn to release the pressure of the skin and tissues so circulation can resume. (Jennifer Heisler, 2012) (Jama, 1968) There is a definite chance of scarring in full thickness and fourth degree burns because all the stem cells in the skin have been destroyed and regeneration cannot take place. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Prognosis The prognosis for burn patients is dependent on the severity of the burn and the total body surface area affected. (Considerations for burn patients) Social/Ethical/Legal issues Child abuse Responsibilities Child abuse is defined as the mistreatment of a child either physically, emotionally or sexually. (Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador) There are four categories of child abuse which are recognised: Physical abuse This form of abuse involves physical mistreatment of the child, for example, hitting, burning, poisoning, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Emotional abuse This form of abuse involves the emotional mistreatment of a child which could result in childs emotional development being affected. Some examples of this include: bullying, frightening a child, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Sexual abuse This form of abuse involves forcing a child to participate in sexual activity and also forcing him/her to look at sexual images etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Neglect Neglect is defined as the failure of the parent or guardian to meet the basic physical and psychological needs of the child, for example, emotional neglect, failure to protect the child from danger, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Some of the symptoms of child abuse include: Withdrawal of child (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) Physical marks and bruises which indicate towards physical abuse or neglect (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) Overdose of toxic substances could indicate towards physical abuse (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) The child might be afraid of physical contact, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010) If a child is suspected of being abused, the doctor should discuss the case with their colleagues and if necessary, the child and family should be referred to social services. If possible, consent should try to be obtained and the carer involved. However, if the doctor feels that the child is at immediate risk, then the emergency services must be informed immediately. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010) Conclusion Looking at the scenario, it can be seen that Mandy carried out the correct first aid procedure by wrapping Marty in a damp towel as this will cool the burn and prevent the risk of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) In A E, Marty was given the treatment required for the above burns, for example, analgesics and intravenous fluids. However, for the second degree deep partial thickness burns on his upper chest, he might require skin grafts from another part of his body such as the buttocks to minimise scarring and re-establish the growth of epidermis. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011) In conclusion, I think that Marty will recover fully with some scarring on the upper chest; however, he might need psychological support and counselling to help deal with the scars. Source: (Natalie Verney, 2012)As this is the first case of neglect, Marty must be observed to see if any such incident happens again. The social services can also be involved to help Mandy take care of Marty. She can also be advised to join support groups, for example, Netmums to help cope physically and mentally. http://www.heart.co.uk/u/apps/asset_manager/uploaded/2012/23/netmums-logo-1339067868.jpg

The Cause of Voter Apathy in Canada Essay -- Cause and Effect Essays

What causes voter apathy? Why, in the most recent federal and provincial elections, did roughly 40% of eligible voters stay home? Perhaps candidate A, running for party A led by leader A, is not perceived as being significantly different from, or better than, candidate B, running for party B led by leader B. This lack of perceived difference between candidate-party-leader A and candidate-party-leader B, is not the only problem in an election. It is also impossible to vote directly on an issue. Yes, you can let an issue influence how you vote, but on election day you are forced to endorse one candidate, party and leader and repudiate all other candidates, parties and leaders. Issues take a back seat to personalities. In theory, voters can have their specific concerns addressed during an election. But that's not reality. Elections simply do not provide voters with a direct say on any issue. Rather, elections are centered on personalities. The real question, the only real choice, is as to which party should run the province or the country. A vote for an Opposition Party candidate is a vote to replace the Government Party, and a vote for the Government Party candidate is a rejection of the Opposition Parties' bid for power. But Canadians cannot use their ballots to implement - or to reject - any specific policy concerning health, education, labour, social services, the criminal justice system, fiscal issues, the environment, energy, infrastructure, agriculture, etc. Total control remains with the politicians up to five years at a time. And when voting day finally arrives, issues are drowned out by one big question: which leader/party should be the Government/Premier, or the Government/Prime Minister? Even when issues are ... ...vote for MLAs and MPs, they are also smart enough to vote in a referendum on an issue of their choice. By increasing the individual voter's effectiveness, citizens' initiative decreases voter cynicism. Citizens' initiative enables the active participation of all voters in their democracy. It reduces the influence of those who lobby politicians behind closed doors. Citizens' initiative gives taxpayers the power to ensure that difficult and controversial issues cannot be avoided or ignored. Citizens' initiative makes politicians more accountable and more responsive to taxpayer concerns at all times. The fact that citizens could put a proposal on the ballot puts pressure on politicians to act on the concerns of Canadians. In short, citizen-initiated referendums will increase accountability and openness, empower taxpayers, and improve our representative democracy.

Diabetes Mellitus Essay -- Medical Research

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition which afflicts millions of people around the world. It is related to the insulin hormone, which is secreted by cells in the pancreas, regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream and supports the body with breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. In someone who has diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or cells don’t respond to the insulin that is produced. There are three main types of diabetes, type 1, type 2, and gestational. I will be discussing type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM, or juvenile diabetes’ consequences are from the body’s failure to generate insulin. It is an autoimmune disease distinguished by failure of the insulin producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas on the way to insulin shortage. Type 1 diabetes is of the immune-mediated nature, where beta cell loss is a T-cell mediated autoimmune attack. Most people are healthy, in a healthy weight, when the sudden onset of type 1 occurs. It can occur at any age, mostly young, hence â€Å"juvenile diabetes†. It has some connection to hereditary. Various factors contribute to type 1 diabetes as well as genetics and exposure to certain viruses. Signs and symptoms come on suddenly and include increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), extreme hunger (polyphagia), weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. Some known risks are family history, genetics, and geograph y. Other possible risk factors include viral exposure, low vitamin D levels, and drinking water that has nitrates may increase the risk as well. The more common type is type 2 diabetes mellitus, also known as non-insulin-dependent ... ...list of support groups to assist in lifestyle adjustment and aid family in providing emotional support. Ninety-eight billion dollars is spent every year in the United States in order to treat diabetes. As there is still no cure, research hasn’t stopped. Just because a person has diabetes doesn’t mean their life has to be over. With proper management, diet, exercise, education and support, a person doesn’t have to be overtaken by diabetes instead take over diabetes. Control is key to the lifestyle adjustment that a diabetic patient needs. Works Cited Milchovich, S. (2011). Diabetes mellitus, a practical handbook. Bull Publishing Company http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/type-1-diabetes/ds00329. American diabetes association (2009). The uncomplicated guide to diabetes complications. 3rd edition http://www.drugs.com/diabetes-treatment.html

Abstract Paper Co-Curricular Education Essay

The school is â€Å"in a verandah in his father’s palace; Gautama Buddha being instructed, with three other boys, by a Brahmin teacher. On their laps are tablets†¦ caged birds, musical instruments, a battle-axe, bows. Gautama, a prince, was given, along with literary education, education in music and military arts like archery. The making of man was regarded as an artistic and not a mechanical process. Indeed, the aim of education is to develop pupil’s personality, his innate and latent capacity. The academic curriculum has never been all that schools and colleges offer to their students. Often a range of other classes and activities are available to students in class routine and even after school. These are referred to as the co-curricular activities and they are mostly voluntary for students. Examples would include sports, musical activities, debate, Model United Nations, community service, religious study groups, charitable fundraising, Young Enterprise projects, military cadet activities, drama, science clubs, and hobbies such as gardening, crafts, cookery and dance. Co-curricular activities prepare students practically for the future. CBSE refers to Work Experience, Health and Physical education, games, painting, music and art education as Scholastic subjects. Then why importance of these subjects is negligible as compared to Mathematics, Science, Social Science and languages? But, most of the teachers teaching in various schools have no idea about art education, games and other similar subjects. As a result, there are unplanned and un-interesting instructions in the classroom because the teacher has no clue or inclination towards these subjects. There is no plan, criteria or syllabus in schools for these subjects. If you ask an art teacher who has studied art – whether a tree is green or purple? They would say colours show moods, depends which kind of painting you are making both colours could be used. Other teacher who has not studied art would rebuke students and make them colour the tree only brown trunk and green leaves. CCE activities are also a point of discussion amongst the teachers. Cutting and pasting pictures from somewhere is the most common activity done as a part of CCE. Bloom’s taxonomy is taught as a part of B. Ed. education but not implemented. Without effective activities children are not able to create, analyze, solve real life problems, express and innovate. They are scared to take risks and make decisions. If co-curricular activities are coupled with CCE activities then both important aims can be achieved. In-service teachers should be taught to integrate activities of Health, Physical education, games, painting, music and art, craft or dance in their lesson plans. Teachers should know how to include available resources in their everyday lessons but, because teachers are not trained to include co-curricular activities in everyday classroom teachers are not able to use these periods effectively. Most of the teachers are not even aware about what kind of activities could be done in the class, directions and purpose for doing an activity are not clear as a result the main aim of having these activities is defeated. These activities do not need report card to certify because they prepare you for life and not merely for a forthcoming competitive exam. Education requires concentration. Children are thrilled; the day they know they have a routine breaking activity or sports period or even if they get to cut paper, fold paper, sing a jingle, share a joke etc. The activity has to be planned well and then executed. The main concern is that teachers do not use their creativity to build activities according to the level of students. We have to teach students to learn instead of studying, do useful work instead of hard work and develop self-discipline instead of discipline, work voluntarily instead of assigned work*. This can be done only when teachers are trained to do so. According to the changes brought about in CBSE curriculum, changes should be brought about in B. Ed. curriculum. Everybody encourages practice of Yoga. But we do not realize even if students sing they are practicing kind of yoga. They regulate their breath, concentrate and think creatively. They try to create a balance between their bodies, mind and attain self-enlightenment. This is healthy and ensures that students are exposed to practical tasks, not just what is taught in class. Kids don’t come to know how much time they pass while they get lost in their hobbies. Schools cannot make Painters, Sports persons, Dancers etc. but they can help kids to decide their field of choice. The joy of creating something gives happiness. Concentration in a particular activity is like meditation which relaxes students from repeated reading, writing and arithmetic activities. The happiness children get from playing instruments, helping others, dancing or running makes them lively. Most co-curricular activities are physically ctive, getting the student out from behind their desk and making them try new things. All those things which break the monotony of class routine are welcome by kids. It could be an action song, small classroom game, managing the school garden, painting a poster for school competition, modelling clay etc. It teaches students to work in groups, think, take responsibilities, develop social skills, soft skills etc. Schools make infrastructure available to teachers but teachers have no clue how to use it. For example IT infrastructure. In olden days, education systems included Martial arts, drawing, singing, painting, sports and debate etc. as a tool for gaining wisdom, insight, concentration, compassion, mental piece, creativity, stamina etc. For example Buddhist mandala serves as a tool for guiding individuals along the path to enlightenment. Monks meditate upon the mandala, In service teachers when given duties for club activities they are clueless to the new tasks assigned. Even if they know one form of art concretely, they can teach it to students as a part of education. Teachers should concentrate on learning one form of art during their B. Ed. education. When teachers learn one form of art, they will not have to run to Art or Dance teacher every now and then for small ideas. Among the teachers many problems can get solved, school functions can be organized in a better way. Art teachers can get more time to complete their art syllabus in classrooms. In service teachers should be asked to plan activities with their lesson plans. Currently, it is observed that cut-and-stick pictures related to the topic is the most common activity done by teachers. Education must therefore promote and nourish as wide a range of capacities and skills in our children as possible. The gamut of such skills include the performing arts (music, dance, drama, and so on), painting and crafts, and literary abilities (weaving, stories, wielding language to portray different aspects of life, a flair for metaphorical and poetic expression etc. ). Also, skills as diverse as some children’s special capacity to bond with nature – with trees, birds, and animals-need to be nurtured.

Availability Of Instructional Materials Essay

Some people learn in different ways. Some people are extraordinary good of retaining information fed to them orally and others absorb and retain a great deal of information that they’ve read. Others need visual stimulants or cues to facilitate learning. Education in Basilan State College is now experiencing a period great change, and problematic situations that can spur creative and innovative effects  towards educational experiences. The needs to restore the learners are the instructional materials, because it helps to stimulate and motivate learners. (Esu, Enukoha and umeron 2004). Education will have to project new vision and a new perspective which will expand the school of the community and make it its laboratory for the teaching-learning opportunities that will be provided. Teachers will be a key factor in education and in a culture like ours, they will still be accepted authority in the classroom. Educational facilities and instructional materials do need in improving performance, but in view of limited resources creativity and innovativeness most are experience in their used. Since all effort will involve all people, actions of education system must be directed to make all sectors like media, association and other government and non government agencies compliment rather than compete in the task in developing education so that it can contribute more substantially to the rebuilding of our nation. Instructional materials are said to be part of the instructional procedure. Thus, studies have shown that when skills are related to practical situations, attitude and improve. Inyang-Abia and Esu (1990) cited in Esu et. Al (2004) asserts that instructional materials are the pivot or which the wheel of individuals differ in so many aspects and they learn at different levels, so providing alternative resource materials is very necessary. The purpose of instruction therefore, is to help people learn. Instruction may include events that are generated by a page of prints, by a picture, by television program, or by combination of physical objects among other things. The aim of designing instruction is to activate and support learning of the individual pupil. This aim is characteristic of instruction whenever it occurs whether between a tutor and the pupil in a school classroom, an adult interest or the job setting. A fundamental reason for designing instruction is to ensure that no one educationally disadvantaged and that all pupils have equal opportunities to use their individual talents to the fullest degree. Instructional design calls for a preplanning it involves preparing a blue print of instructional development and delivery, utilizing multimedia, multi disciplinary approaches with objective of improving the teaching and learning processes on one hand. These instructional materials brought about meaningful insight and provide direction for change in education. Basic instructional materials will have to be developed very carefully since these may have in the process of education. They should provide for the desirable values and the skills and knowledge proposed to be learned in each learning level and adequately provide for mastery learning which is requisite to the achievements of quality. Good teaching is not an accident. It is thoroughly planned and organized by a teacher who has in mind the nature of the learners, the objective of the lessons and the availability of materials. All that happens inside the classroom contributes to the learner’s acquisition of knowledge, values and skills. The learning environment provides very meaningful experience not only to the learners but to the teachers as well. Good teachers become better teachers when they used appropriate materials in their classroom. Theoretical Framework Instructional materials have been defined by various authors. For example, Obanya ( 1989) viewed them as didactic materials thing which supposed to make learning and teaching possible. According to Abdullahi (1982) instructional materials or tools usually made or imported that could made  tremendous enhancement of lesson impact if intelligently used. Ikiereonwun (Isola 2010) refered to them as objects or devices, which help the teacher to make a lesson make clearer to the learner. Instructional materials are also described as concrete or physical objects which provides sound, visual or both to the sense organs during teaching (Aguina-obu) 2005). There are also instructional materials that educators use which provide creative ideas to assist in the learning process. Finally, instructional materials can help one troubleshoot a product that is not functioning properly. Instructional materials serve as the channel between the teacher and the students in delivering the instruction. They may also serve as the motivation on the teaching- learning process Instructional Materials serve as the channel between the teacher and the students in delivering the instruction. They may also serve as the motivation on the teaching- learning process. Use to get the attention of the students in order for them to experience boredom, just want to add the importance of instructional materials is that good instructional materials do not teach it encourage the learners to learn. Conceptual framework Instructional materials are in various classes. Independent Variables Dependent Variables Implication Statement of the Problem This study was conducted to determine the availability of instructional materials of the college of Health and Science in Basilan State College. Specifically, it answers the following questions. 1. What are the instructional materials use by the teacher of college of Health and Science a. Audio b. Visual c. Audiovisual 2. To what extent is the audio instructional materials used by the teacher in terms of: a. Radio b. Tape recording 3. To what extent is the visual instructional materials used by the teacher in terms of: a. Chalkboards b. Chart c. Slide d. Film Strip 4. To what extent is the audio-visual instructional materials in terms of: a. Television b. Picture c. Slide show Hypothesis of the Study The under listed hypothesis were formulated to guide these study. There are no significant difference between students taught with standard instructional materials, improvised materials and convention instruction. There is no significant relationship between availability of instructional materials and effective implementation of College of Health and Science. Significance of the Study With insights on the availability of instructional materials brought about meaningful insights and provide direction for change in education. Through the use of instructional materials the students are easily arouse their learning. Students may have different interest and abilities that determine their pace of learning. The Teacher With the use of instructional materials for the teacher in place, their instructional efficiency can be improve. The overcome of this research may help the teacher in place and load more available instructional materials in their classroom or materials. The Department This research will increase and improve the implementation of the available instructional materials to indulge the learning of the students. Scope and Delimitation of the Study Teaching materials is a generic term use to describe the resources teachers use to deliver instruction. Teaching materials can support student learning and increase student success. Teaching materials come in many shapes and sizes, but they all have in common the ability to support student learning. This study was conducted in the College of Health and Science at Basilan Sate College Isabela City Basilan. This study determines the availability of instructional materials in College of Health and Science. Teachers at all levels utilize a variety of instructional materials such as textbooks, presentations, and handouts to enhance the quality of their lessons. The quality of those materials directly impacts the quality of teaching. Knowing how to find the best instructional materials is valuable skills for a teacher. What the use of instructional materials should be useful when they used it, the students can easily gain important information. These instructional materials are used to aid the transference of information from one to another. Right for instance, a teacher may use instructional materials to aid in the learning of subject matter in the class. Instructional materials serve as the channel between the teacher and the students in delivering the instruction. They may also serve as the motivation on the teaching learning process. Definition of Terms For better comprehensive of this study, the following terms were defined: 1. Availability – The quality or state of being available (Merriam Webster) 2. Instructional Materials – Educational resources use to improve students’ knowledge, abilities, and skills to monitor their assimilation of information, and to contribute to their overall development and upbringing. 3. Students – is a learner or someone who attends an educational institution. 4. Teacher – Teacher is the one of parent who thinks good for our future and is the only person who helps us to make the decision then the right for us. 5. Needs – A need is something that is necessary for organisms to live a healthy life. Needs are distinguished from wants because a deficiency could clear a negative outcomes, such as disfunction or death. Needs can be subjective or physical, such as food, or they can be subjective and psychological, such as the need for the self – esteem. Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies Some people say that learning can be learned through the use of visual-aids and as a matter of fact, 75% of learning can be acquired through the sense of sight. Now a days students are very much particular with its comes to the teachers visual-aids. Sometimes they find the discussion boring if the teacher didn’t provide their visual-aids. Traditional instructional materials are the materials traditionally use by the teachers to their students in teaching their lessons. It includes the use of textbook, chalk, board, marker, charts and flash cards. These are the common materials that help the teachers to explain the lessons clearly. Instructional materials These are materials that are use to aid the transference of information from one to another. For example, a teacher may use instructional materials to aid in the learning of subject matter for a class. These instructional materials could include power point presentations (visual aids). Books Articles The list can go on and on some call them instructional materials while others may call learning or teaching aids. Instructional materials serve as the channel between the teacher and the students in delivering the instruction. They may also serve or the motivation on the teaching learning process. Students learn principally through interactions with people (teachers and peers) and instructional materials (textbooks, workbooks, instructional software, web-based content, homework, projects, quizzes, and tests). But education policymakers focus primarily on factors removed from those interactions, such as academic standards, teacher evaluation systems, and school accountability policies. It’s as if the medical profession worried about the administration of hospitals and patient insurance but paid no attention to the treatments that doctors give their patients. There is strong evidence that the choice of instructional materials has large effects on student learning—effects that rival in size those that are associated with differences in teacher effectiveness. But whereas improving teacher quality through changes in the preparation and professional development of teachers and the human resources policies surrounding their employment is challenging, expensive, and time-consuming, making better choices among available instructional materials should be relatively easy, inexpensive, and quick. Student learning occurs primarily through interactions with people (teachers and peers) and instructional materials (textbooks, workbooks, instructional software, web-based content, homework, projects, quizzes, and tests). The contexts within which these interactions  occur are surely important. The effectiveness of teachers, the behavior of peers, and the instructional materials with which students have the opportunity to interact are affected by layers of influences that range from circumstances in the home, to leadership in the school, to the international macro-economy and everything in between. But students do not engage in instructional interactions with the governance mechanism for their school or with state standards or with a school district’s evaluation system for teachers or with collective bargaining agreements or with the leadership qualities of their school principal—they learn by engaging in cognitive processes that are triggered and shaped by interactions with people and instructional materials. The balance between attention to context and attention to instruction has come to be substantially out-of-kilter among education policymakers.2 It is as if the managers of a professional sports team spent most of their time and resources on the layout of the stadium, the advertising of the games, the logistics of travel, and the equipment in the weight room while giving little attention to playing the game itself. Instructional interactions are the core of student learning but policymakers attend mostly to context. We must give priority to the education policies that are most likely to improve instructional interactions if we are going to achieve substantial progress in student achievement. CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN AND PROCEDURES These chapters discuss the Research Methodology, Instructional Materials and Achievement Grades, Survey Data and Survey Population and Instrument. METHODOLOGY An instructional material has been shown to have positive impact on teaching and learning in classrooms (Baylor and Ritchie, 2002). For this study, instruction materials were defined as all the materials and equipment that  are used to enhance the teaching and learning process, specifically chalkboards, flip charts, locally available resources, overhead projectors, videos, and computers. The academic achievements in the College of Health and Science could be attributed to many factors among which teachers strategy itself was considered as an important factor. The teaching without instructional materials may certainly result in poor academic achievements. The availability of instructional materials has been found to the consistently positive determinant of academic achievement. In addition to studying the effects of availability of instructional materials like textbooks on achievement it is important to know the extent to which the instructional materials being used in the College of Health and Science to the learning needs of the students in the said college. The purpose of this study was to survey students to determine what instructional materials were available in the teacher training colleges. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS There have been several studies on instructional materials and academic achievement. For instance, Momoh (Isola, 2010), conducted a research on the effects of instructional resources on students’ performance in West Africa School Certificate. Examinations (WASCE) in Kwara State. He correlated material resources with academic achievements of students in ten subjects. Data were collected from the subject teachers in relation to the resources employed in the teaching. The achievements of students in WASCE for the past five years were related to the resources available for teaching each of the subjects. He concluded that material resources have a significant effect on student’s achievement in each of the subjects. In the same manner, Moronfola (1982) carried out a research in Ilorin Local Government Area of Kwara State. She used questionnaires to collect data on the material resources available for the teaching of some selected subjects  in ten secondary schools and related these to students’ achievements in each of the selected subjects and to the amount of resources available for the teaching of the subjects. Finding showed a significant effect of material resources on the students’ academic performance in these subjects. In the same vein, Popoola (1990) investigated the effect of instructional resources on the academic achievements of students in Ogun State. Five secondary schools in Abeokuta were used for this study. Questionnaires were designed to elicit responses on instructional materials that were available for the teaching and learning of each of the three school subjects he examined. He collected WASC examination results for five years and compared achievements of students in schools with adequate material resources and achievements of students in schools with inadequate material resources. He found a significant difference in the achievements of the two sets of students. The schools with adequate instructional materials performed better than those with inadequate instructional materials. The absence instructional materials in the school were great limitation to a number of teachers. Administrators should be aware of the importance of the instructional materials as an instructional tool and provide it to the teacher. Like for instance, textbooks and exercise books are the most important teaching/learning aids. In this study it was found that in general teachers had textbooks for the subjects they were teaching. THE SURVEY DATA There are several ways that surveys can reach respondents for completion. A researcher can contact respondents by mailing the surveys to them and wait for their responses. The advantages with mail out surveys are that the researcher is able to reach participants who are scattered and cannot easily be met in person, and also that respondents have ample time to think of the answer. On the other hand, mailing has a disadvantage because in many cases response rate is low, and the researcher must make several attempts to remind participants to respond (Ary, Jacobs and Razavieh, 2002, Fowler, 2002, Rea and Parker, 1997). In this study the researcher administered the survey in person, one by one. Despite the time and expense incurred, this approach helped the researcher to have a high response rate (Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh, 2002), since the surveys were collected immediately after completion. Another advantage was that since the respondents were clustered at their classes it was possible to get almost all respondents at the same time and allow them to fill in the surveys at the same time. In addition, as Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002) put it, â€Å"the researcher is present [and can] provide assistance or answer questions† about the items. SURVEY POPULATION AND INSTRUMENT The population for the survey was derived from the ten (10) respondents in the College of Health and Science. The instrument used in this study were self-design contains of 7 items and 2 choices or options the â€Å"Yes or No â€Å". The respondents are the students of College of Health and Science an we gathered at least 10 respondents in the said college. The students were made to check the answer of the survey questionnaire. The survey questionnaire was use to measure the achievements of the students in the College of Health and Science through the use of various instructional materials through the contribution also of their teachers. And it was used to measure how does these instructional materials affecting the grades pr the achievement grades of the students in the College of Health and Science.